Python Built-in Class Functions

The Python interpreter has some built-in class functions.

bool()

class bool([𝑥])

Parameters

bool()to return a bool object, True or False [𝑥]optional, to specify the object to be converted from

Remarks

• The bool class is a subclass of int
• The possible instances of bool class are True and False. There is no subclass further.
• If optional 𝑥 is omitted, then bool() returns False
• 𝑥 can be any object.
• Given 𝑥 is converted using the standard truth testing procedure. Trueby default, an object is considered true. Falseclass of object that either a __bool__() method that returns False or a __len__() method that return zero. constants defined to be false: None and False zero of any numeric type: 0, 0.0, 0𝑗, Decimal(0), Fraction(0,1), etc. empty sequences and collections: '', (), [], {}, set(), range(0), etc

complex()

class complex([real[, imag]])

Parameters

complex()to return a complex number. [real]optional, to specify the object, a string or number, to be converted from [imag]optional, but real must be given, to specify the imaginary part of a number

Remarks

• Given real can be specified as following stringThe given string of parameter real will be interpreted as a complex number. Therefore, the parameter imag should be omitted. Besides, the string must not contain whitespace around the central + or - operator. numericThe argument of real can be numeric of any type including complex number omittedthe default is 0
• The argument of imag can be numeric of any type including complex number. However the argument can never be a string. If parameter imag is omitted, then the default is zero.
• If both arguments are omitted, complex() returns 0j.
• The complex() constructor serves as a numeric conversion like int() and float
• For a general Python object 𝑥, complex(𝑥) delegates to 𝑥.__complex__(). If __complex__() is not defined then it falls back to __float__(). If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__()

float()

class float([𝑥])

Parameters

float()to return a floating point number [𝑥]optional, to specify the object to be converted from

Remarks

• if argument is omitted, floating point number 0.0 is returned.
• if argument is a string, the string should contain a decimal number, optionally preceded by a sgn, and optionally embedded in whitespace. The optional sign may be +, -. A + has no effect on the value produced. The argument may also be a string representing a NaN, not-a-number, or a positive or negative infinity. The leading and trailing whitespace characters are removed sign::="+" | "-" infinity::="infinity" | "inf" nan::="nan" numeric_value::=floatnumber | infinity | nan numeric_string::=[sign] numeric_value floatnumber is the form of a Python floating-point literal. Case is not significant.
• if the argument is an integer or a floating point number, a floating point number of the same value within the Python's floating point precision is returned. If the argument is outside the range of a Python float, an OverflowError will be raised
• For a general Python object 𝑥, float(𝑥) delegates to 𝑥.__float__(). If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__().

int()

class int([𝑥])
class int(𝑥, base=10)

Parameters

int()to return an integer object 𝑥optional, to specify the object to be returned from base=10to

Remarks

• If no arguments are given, int() return 0
• If 𝑥 defines __int__(), int(𝑥) returns 𝑥.__int__(). If 𝑥 defines __index__(), int(𝑥) returns 𝑥.__index__(). If 𝑥 defines __trunc__(), int(𝑥) returns 𝑥.__trunc__(). For floating point numbers, this truncates towards zero.
• If 𝑥 is not a number or if argument base is given, then 𝑥 must be a string, bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in radix base. Optionally, the literal can be preceded by +, or -, with no space in between and surrounded by whitespace.
• A base-𝑛 literal consists of the digits 0 to 𝑛-1, with 𝑎 to 𝑧 (or 𝐴 to 𝑍) having values 10 to 35. The default base is 10. The allowed values are 0, and 2 to 36. Base-2, base-8, and base-16 literals can be optionally prefixed with 0b/0B, 0o/0O, or 0x/0X, as with integer literals in code. Base 0 means to interpret exactly as a code literal, so that the actual base is 2, 8, 10, 16, and so that int('010',0) is not legal, while int('010') is, as well as int('010',8)

Source and Reference

• https://docs.python.org/3/reference/executionmodel.html
• https://docs.python.org/2.0/ref/execframes.html
• https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/classmethod-in-python/
• https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#typesmapping